ds_gen N. 7 – 2008 – Notizie

 

Giuseppe Valditara

Università di Torino

 

Lo Stato nell’Antica Roma

 

 

 

 

Rubbettino Editore

Soveria Mannelli 2008

XII-507 pp.

 

 

 

 

 

 

La storia di Roma è la storia di un piccolo villaggio diventato impero universale che ha saputo unire popoli fra loro diversissimi nella comune appartenenza ad un modello di civiltà. E’ soprattutto l’origine della nostra civiltà. Questo libro non vuole essere dunque solo un racconto delle istituzioni romane, del loro sorgere e del loro divenire, vuole comprenderne anche i valori, proponendo riflessioni e spunti spesso innovativi. Ne esce un quadro storico-istituzionale che stimola suggestioni culturali e politiche per molti aspetti di grande attualità.

 

 

Sommario

 

A) L'EPOCA MONARCHICA

 

1. Alle origini di una comunità statuale                                                                  3

1.1 La familia                                                                                                           3

1.2 La gens                                                                                                               5

1.3 Le leges religiose                                                                                               6

1.4 La civitas                                                                                                            7

 

2. Il regnum                                                                                                              11

2.1 Il rex                                                                                                                   11

2.2 Le curiae                                                                                                            14

2.3 Il senato                                                                                                              18

2.4 I sacerdoti ovvero l’equilibrio naturale delle cose                                            21

2.5 La cittadinanza                                                                                                   25

2.6 La proprietà                                                                                                        26

 

3. Il turannos                                                                                                            31

3.1 L’emersione della figura del turannos                                                              31

3.2 L’ordinamento centuriato                                                                                  34

3.3 La residenza come criterio di appartenenza alla comunità                               36

3.4 Il censo                                                                                                               37

3.5 Lo strutturarsi di una amministrazione militare                                               38

 

4. Il diritto penale nell’epoca monarchica                                                               41

4.1 Alle origini della pena                                                                                       41

4.2 La procedura criminale alle origini                                                                   47

 

5. I valori dell’epoca monarchica                                                                            49

5.1 I valori della civitas latino-sabina                                                                     49

5.2 I valori del periodo tirannico                                                                             52

 

 

B) L'EPOCA Repubblicana

 

1. La res publica                                                                                                       57

1.1 Res publica, significato del termine                                                                  61

1.2 Gli organi della res publica                                                                               61

1.2.1 Le magistrature                                                                                               61

a) La scelta dei primi organi di governo della repubblica                                               61

b) La magistratura. I poteri                                                                                          64

c) La magistratura. I caratteri                                                                                      68

d) I requisiti di eleggibilità                                                                                          70

e) Lo strutturarsi delle magistrature                                                                             72

I. I Consoli                                                                                                                                           72

a. I poteri                                                                                                                    72

b. Il tribunato militare con potestà consolare e le “leggi” Licinie Sestie                               73

II. I Questori                                                                                                            76

III. I Censori                                                                                                              76

a. Nascita ed enucleazione della magistratura                                                                  76

b. Le funzioni                                                                                                              78

c. Cicerone e la proposta di riforma della censura                                                            80

IV. I Pretori                                                                                                              81

a. Strutturazione della carica e poteri                                                                              81

b. L’editto ovvero il programma di politica normativa del pretore                                      84

V. Gli edili curuli                                                                                                  85

VI. Il dittatore                                                                                                        87

a. Origine e funzioni                                                                                                     87

b. La dittatura sillana                                                                                                    88

f) Gli ausiliari dei magistrati                                                                                        91

1.2.2 I comizi                                                                                                            91

a) Origine struttura e principi di funzionamento                                                          91

b) La riforma del III secolo a.C.                                                                                   94

c) Le funzioni del comizio centuriato e le procedure di votazione                                 96

d) I comizi tributi                                                                                                       100

1.2.3 Il senato                                                                                                           100

a) Evoluzione e composizione                                                                                     100

b) Competenze                                                                                                           102

c) Cicerone e la riforma del senato                                                                               108

d) Il funzionamento del senato                                                                                    110

1.3 Gli organi sacerdotali                                                                                         112

1.4 Gli organi della plebe                                                                                         113

1.4.1 Origine di plebe e patriziato                                                                                113

1.4.2 Gli organi di governo della plebe                                                                         115

1.4.3 L’evoluzione del tribunato                                                                                  118

1.4.4 I concilia tributa plebis                                                                                       120

1.4.5 Due tribuni esemplari: Tiberio e Caio Gracco                                                       122

1.5 L’ordinamento giuridico romano n età repubblicana                                        127

1.5.1 Lo ius civile                                                                                                        128

1.5.2 Le Dodici Tavole                                                                                                130

1.5.3 Lo ius honorarium                                                                                              135

1.5.4 Lo ius gentium                                                                                                    140

1.6 Le fonti del diritto                                                                                              145

1.6.1 La giurisprudenza                                                                                               146

a) La giurisprudenza pontificale                                                                                     146

b) La giurisprudenza laica                                                                                             149

c) i giuristi repubblicani                                                                                                153

1.6.2 La legge                                                                                                             160

a) Definizione e tipi                                                                                                      160

b) Struttura della lex rogata                                                                                           161

c) Caratteri                                                                                                                  161

d) La lex rogata nel sistema delle fonti                                                                            164

e) La interpretazione della legge e la voluntas legislatoris                                                 169

1.6.3 L’editto                                                                                                              171

1.6.4 I senatoconsulti                                                                                                  173

1.7 L’organizzazione dei territori. Il principio di autonomia                                 175

1.7.1 Il sistema della federazione                                                                                 177

a) Lo ius Latii                                                                                                              177

b) L’estensione del sistema federativo                                                                            178

1.7.2 Il sistema della annessione                                                                                  179

a) Il municipium                                                                                                           179

b) Le coloniae                                                                                                             183

1.7.3 L’amministrazione dei territori fuori dall’Italia                                                    185

a) Il sistema dell’annessione e della federazione                                                              185

b) Le provinciae                                                                                                          187

1.8 La cittadinanza                                                                                                   189

 

2. Diritto e procedura penale in età repubblicana                                                   195

2.1 Il diritto penale sostanziale                                                                                195

2.2 La provocatio ad populum                                                                                 199

2.3 Il processo comiziale                                                                                         201

2.3.1 Svolgimento del processo comiziale                                                                    203

2.4 L’evoluzione del processo penale                                                                      207

2.5 Le questiones perpetuae                                                                                    208

2.6 Il sistema delle pene. Le singole fattispecie di reato

nella sistemazione sillana                                                                                        215

 

3. I valori repubblicani                                                                                             223

3.1 La libertà                                                                                                            223

3.2 La certezza del diritto                                                                                        225

3.3 L’autonomia                                                                                                       229

3.4 La sovranità popolare                                                                                         231

3.5 La proprietà                                                                                                        235

3.6 L’autorità                                                                                                            238

3.7 La tradizione                                                                                                      240

3.8 L’esperienza                                                                                                       243

3.9 Il merito                                                                                                              244

3.10 La concretezza                                                                                                  247

3.11 L’equità                                                                                                            248

3.12 La bona fides                                                                                                    251

 

 

C) LA Transizione

 

1. Il disfacimento della res publica                                                                         257

 

2. La nuova forma della civitas                                                                               261

2.1 La dittatura                                                                                                         261

2.2 Le magistrature repubblicane                                                                            263

2.3 Il senato                                                                                                              264

2.4 Le assemblee del popolo e le fonti del diritto                                                   266

2.5 L’organizzazione dei territori                                                                            267

 

3. Conclusione                                                                                                          269

 

 

D) L’epoca del principato

 

1. Roma tra Ottaviano e Antonio                                                                             273

 

2. La monarchia del princeps                                                                                   275

2.1 L’imperator                                                                                                        275

2.2 Il princeps                                                                                                           280

2.3 Il fondamento del potere dell’imperator                                                           281

2.4 La trasmissione del potere                                                                                 283

2.5 La burocrazia imperiale                                                                                     286

2.6 Le singole figure di funzionario imperiale                                                        288

a) Il praefectus urbi                                                                                                     288

b) Il praefectus pretorio                                                                                               289

c) Il praefectus annonae                                                                                               290

d) Il praefectus vigilum                                                                                                291

e) Il praefectus Aegypti                                                                                                291

2.7 Gli uffici imperiali                                                                                             292

2.8 L’amministrazione periferica                                                                            293

2.9 L’evoluzione degli organi repubblicani                                                            295

a) Le magistrature                                                                                                       295

b) Il senato                                                                                                                 297

c) I comizi                                                                                                                  299

2.10 L’ordinamento giuridico romano nell’età del principato                               301

2.11 Le fonti del diritto nell’età del principato                                                       303

2.11.1 La legge                                                                                                           304

2.11.2 I senatoconsulti                                                                                                308

2.11.3 Le costituzioni imperiali                                                                                   310

2.11.3.1 Le singole costituzioni imperiali                                                                        313

a. Gli edicta                                                                                                                 313

b. I mandata                                                                                                                314

c. I decreta                                                                                                                  315

d. I rescripta e le epistulae                                                                                            315

2.11.4 L’editto dei magistrati                                                                                      316

2.11.5 I responsa prudentium                                                                                       318

2.11.5.1 La giurisprudenza classica                                                                                320

2.11.5.2 Le sectae dei sabiniani e proculiani                                                                    322

2.11.5.3 La letteratura giuridica                                                                                     324

2.11.5.4 Le opere istituzionali                                                                                        327

2.11.5.5 La storia delle istituzioni                                                                                  229

2.12 L’organizzazione dei territori                                                                          331

2.12.1 Lo sviluppo del centralismo amministrativo                                                       332

2.12.2 Le comunità locali                                                                                            334

2.12.3 L’amministrazione delle province                                                                      336

2.13 La cittadinanza                                                                                                 338

2.13.1 L’estensione della cittadinanza                                                                          338

2.13.2 Le conseguenze della costituzione di Caracalla                                                  342

 

3. Il processo civile e il processo criminale. Il diritto criminale                            345

3.1 La cognitio extra ordinem in campo civile                                                       345

3.2 L’evoluzione del processo criminale                                                                 348

3.3 La cognitio extra ordinem in campo criminale                                                 350

3.3.1 Caratteri della cognitio extra ordinem criminale                                                   352

3.4 Competenza processuale del senato                                                                  354

3.5 Il sistema delle pene e l’evoluzione delle principali figure criminose             357

 

4. I valori del principato

4.1 Autorità                                                                                                              365

4.2 Persona                                                                                                               367

4.3 Iustitia                                                                                                                 371

 

 

E) L’epoca del dominato

 

1. La crisi                                                                                                                  377

 

2. Il cristianesimo                                                                                                     383

2.1 Il messaggio cristiano e la rivoluzione delle coscienze                                    383

2.2 Le persecuzioni                                                                                                  387

2.3 L’editto di Milano                                                                                              391

2.4 Il cesaropapismo                                                                                                392

 

3. L’organizzazione dell’impero                                                                             397

3.1 L’imperatore                                                                                                      397

3.2 La tetrarchia                                                                                                       399

3.3 La burocrazia centrale                                                                                        402

3.4 La amministrazione periferica                                                                           406

3.5 Le comunità locali                                                                                             408

3.6 L’ordinamento giuridico                                                                                    411

3.6.1 Il diritto fiscale                                                                                                   412

3.6.2 Il diritto ecclesiastico                                                                                          415

3.7. Le fonti del diritto                                                                                             416

3.7.1 Le costituzioni imperiali                                                                                     416

3.7.1.1 I codici                                                                                                             420

3.7.2 Gli iura                                                                                                              424

3.7.2.1 Le opere postclassiche                                                                                       427

3.7.3 Le leggi romano barbariche                                                                                 429

 

4. Il processo civile e il processo criminale. Il diritto criminale                            433

4.1 Il processo civile                                                                                                433

4.2 Il processo criminale                                                                                          435

4.3 Il diritto criminale, i suoi mutamenti                                                                437

4.4 I singoli reati                                                                                                      441

4.5 Le pene                                                                                                               448

4.6 La funzione della pena: una evoluzione decisiva                                              451

 

5. I valori del dominato                                                                                            457

5.1 Autorità                                                                                                              457

5.2 Humanitas                                                                                                          459

5.3 Buon costume                                                                                                     462

 

6. La codificazione di Giustiniano                                                                           465

6.1 Il primo Codice                                                                                                  466

6.2 Il Digesto                                                                                                            467

6.3 Le Istituzioni                                                                                                      471

6.4 Il secondo Codice                                                                                               473

6.5 Le novellae constitutiones                                                                                 474

6.6 Il disegno di Giustiniano                                                                                    477

6.7 Produzione e applicazione del diritto: l’esigenza di unitarietà                        482

 

7. Le vicende successive della compilazione                                                          485

7.1. In Oriente                                                                                                           485

7.2 In Occidente                                                                                                       487

 

 

Appendice

Concetti e terminologia pubblicistica

nell’esperienza romana

 

1. Concezione romana dello stato                                                                            491

 

2. Diritto pubblico/diritto privato                                                                            495

 

3. Costituzione, principi fondamentali, principio di legittimità                             499